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[
{
"slide": 1,
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"text_description": "Inside Every Living Cell\nDive into the microscopic world that powers all life.",
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"slide": 2,
"fragments": [
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"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Defining a Cell",
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{
"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "Cell",
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},
{
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"text_description": "The smallest living unit that can exist independently and perform all essential functions—metabolism, growth, reproduction and response.",
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{
"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "Key criteria:\nplasma membrane enclosure, hereditary material, self-sustaining metabolism.\nHistorical note:\nRobert Hooke coined “cell” in 1665 while examining cork.\nQuiz:\nA virus holds genes but lacks its own metabolism—does it fulfil the cell definition?",
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{
"slide": 3,
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"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Shape Meets Function",
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{
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"text_description": "Red blood cell, neuron and tracheid—contrasting geometries, common purpose: efficiency.",
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"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "Form follows function\nBiconcave red blood cells squeeze through tiny capillaries, exposing maximum surface for rapid gas exchange.\nBranching neurons speed impulses across metres, while narrow, lignified tracheids channel water upward; each shape serves its task.",
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"text_description": "Key Points:\nDisc-like RBC → high surface-area-to-volume ratio, flexible flow.\nTree-like neuron → wide reach for rapid, directed signalling.\nTube-like tracheid → capillary pull of water and structural support.\nChallenge: How could sickled RBCs reduce oxygen delivery?",
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]
},
{
"slide": 4,
"fragments": [
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"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Sizing Up Cells",
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{
"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "Scale bar compares virus, bacterium and eukaryotic cell.",
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"text_description": "From Nanometres to Micrometres\nViruses average 100 nm, relying on host cells because they hold few molecules.\nProkaryotes, about 1 µm, divide swiftly; diffusion easily reaches every corner.\nEukaryotes grow 10–100 µm; their low surface-area/volume ratio demands organelles for transport and energy.\nKey Points:\nVirus < Prokaryote < Eukaryote in size: ~0.1 µm → 1 µm → 20 µm+\nComplexity rises with size; organelles solve transport and energy limits.\nTypical bacteria are too small for mitochondria—insufficient room and surplus surface already meets energy needs.",
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},
{
"slide": 5,
"fragments": [
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"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Plant vs Animal Cells",
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"text_description": "Plant-only Features\nCell wall: cellulose shell for rigid support\nChloroplasts: chlorophyll-rich sites of photosynthesis\nLarge central vacuole maintains turgor pressure",
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{
"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "Animal-only Features\nCentrioles organise spindle fibres in mitosis\nLysosomes digest worn-out organelles & debris\nNo cell wall—shape remains flexible",
"image_description": ""
},
{
"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "Key Similarities\nNucleus directs genetic programs\nER & Golgi process and ship proteins\nMitochondria generate ATP\nRibosomes build polypeptides\nPlasma membrane controls transport",
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}
]
},
{
"slide": 6,
"fragments": []
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{
"slide": 7,
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"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Endomembrane Conveyor",
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{
"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "Proteins exit rough ER, pass cis- to trans-Golgi, load into vesicles, and fuse with the plasma membrane to be exported. Think of the pathway as a barcode-guided cellular conveyor belt.",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "Rough ER\ncis-Golgi\ntrans-Golgi\nVesicle\nMembrane",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "Legend:\nStart/End\nDecision\nProcess",
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}
]
},
{
"slide": 8,
"fragments": [
{
"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Cellular Power Plants",
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{
"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "Mitochondrion (left) and chloroplast (right)",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "Same blueprint, different fuels",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "Cristae and thylakoids are folded or stacked membranes that multiply reaction surface, revealing the organelles’ shared design logic.",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 4,
"text_description": "On cristae, electron transport drives ATP formation; on thylakoids, light energy powers glucose assembly, later yielding ATP.",
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{
"fragment_index": 5,
"text_description": "Key Points:\nCristae: inward folds pack electron-transport chains for rapid ATP output.\nThylakoids: stacked discs (grana) spread chlorophyll to capture photons efficiently.\nMitochondria convert food to ATP directly; chloroplasts store energy first as glucose.\nBoth retain circular DNA & ribosomes — strong evidence for an endosymbiotic origin.",
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}
]
},
{
"slide": 9,
"fragments": [
{
"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Motility Structures 9+2\nDecode the 9+2 Axoneme",
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{
"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "Cilia and flagella share a 9+2 array—nine peripheral microtubule doublets surrounding two central singlets.",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "Each axoneme sprouts from a basal body, a modified centriole anchoring the structure under the plasma membrane.",
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{
"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "Key Points:\n9+2 axoneme = 9 doublets + 2 singlet microtubules.\nBasal body templates and anchors each motile appendage.\nDynein-driven sliding bends the axoneme; mutations cause immotile cilia and chronic respiratory disease.",
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}
]
},
{
"slide": 10,
"fragments": [
{
"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Key Takeaways\nCell structure—big picture",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "Hierarchy\nAtoms → molecules → organelles → cell: a nested Russian-doll order that organises biological complexity.",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "Major organelles\nNucleus, ER, Golgi, mitochondria, chloroplasts and the cytoskeleton handle information, packaging, energy and movement.",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "Structure-function links\nFolded membranes raise surface area, rigid walls shield, double envelopes guard DNA—form always serves task.",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 4,
"text_description": "Comparative insights\nProkaryotes skip compartments yet share membranes, DNA and ribosomes; eukaryotes upscale the same evolutionary toolkit.",
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}
]
}
]