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"slide": 1,
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"text_description": "Meet the Cell\nOne tiny unit, infinite life.",
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"slide": 2,
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"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "What Is a Cell?",
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"text_description": "Cell",
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"text_description": "The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of life, able to carry out all processes necessary for independent existence.\nAll living organisms are made of one or more cells.\nThe cell is the basic unit of structure and function.\nEvery cell arises only from a pre-existing cell.\n(Schleiden, Schwann & Virchow)",
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"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "Viruses lack a cellular structure and depend on host cells for replication, so they are not considered cells.",
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{
"slide": 3,
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"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Shapes & Styles",
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"text_description": "Form Mirrors Function",
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"text_description": "Cells span from 0.2 µm bacteria to metre-long neurons, covering the full size range of life.",
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"text_description": "Their diverse shapes—discs, branches, cubes—are tailored to specific tasks, linking morphology to function.",
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"text_description": "Key Points:\nBiconcave RBC (~7 µm) squeezes through capillaries for rapid gas exchange.\nAxonal neuron (>1 m) conducts impulses across the body efficiently.\nCuboidal kidney cell packs tightly, optimising absorption and secretion.",
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{
"slide": 4,
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"text_description": "Sizing Up Life",
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"text_description": "Log-scale diagram: virus → bacterium → eukaryotic cell",
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"text_description": "Nanometres vs Micrometres\nDistances shrink fast on a log scale: 1 μm equals 1 000 nm.\nViruses (20–300 nm) are dwarfed by bacteria (0.5–5 μm), which are again outsized by eukaryotic cells (10–100 μm).",
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"text_description": "Key Points:\nVirus diameter: 20–300 nm\nBacterium length: 0.5–5 μm (500–5 000 nm)\nEukaryotic cell diameter: 10–100 μm\nEach jump ≈ 10–100×; size shapes metabolism and replication",
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{
"slide": 5,
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"slide": 6,
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"text_description": "Cell Types Face-Off",
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"text_description": "Prokaryotic Cell\nNo true nucleus; DNA lies in a nucleoid region.\nLacks membrane-bound organelles; low internal complexity.\nFree 70S ribosomes handle protein synthesis.",
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"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "Eukaryotic Cell\nDNA enclosed within a double-membrane nucleus.\nPossesses diverse membrane-bound organelles for compartmentalised functions.\n80S ribosomes, many attached to rough ER.",
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"text_description": "Key Similarities\nShare the universal genetic code in DNA.\nBoth are bounded by a phospholipid plasma membrane.\nRibosomes translate mRNA into proteins.",
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"slide": 7,
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"text_description": "Plant vs Animal",
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"text_description": "Unique Organelles\nPlant cells possess a robust cell wall and light-capturing chloroplasts.\nAnimal cells lack these, but contain centrioles that guide cell division.\nKey Points:\nCell wall – rigid cellulose layer; only in plants.\nChloroplasts – perform photosynthesis; only in plants.\nCentrioles – organise spindle fibres; only in animals.",
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{
"slide": 8,
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"text_description": "Fluid Mosaic Magic",
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"text_description": "Plasma Membrane: Fluid Mosaic Model\nTwo layers of amphipathic phospholipids form a flexible sheet; hydrophobic tails meet inside, hydrophilic heads face water.\nIntegral proteins span the bilayer and create pathways, while peripheral proteins loosely attach on surfaces for signalling or support.\nFluid mosaic organization keeps plasma membrane flexible and selectively permeable.",
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"text_description": "Key Points:\nPhospholipids move laterally, creating a fluid background.\nIntegral proteins span the sheet; peripheral proteins cling to one side.\nPredict: Adding cholesterol in cold conditions—increase, decrease, or no change?",
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{
"slide": 9,
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"text_description": "Protein Shipping Route\nCell factories rival Amazon—trace a protein’s route through the endomembrane system.",
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"text_description": "1\nRough ER (RER)\nRibosomes thread new polypeptide into RER lumen where folding and glycosylation start.",
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"text_description": "2\nGolgi Apparatus\nCis->trans cisternae refine, label, and re-package the protein into a secretory vesicle.",
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"text_description": "3\nVesicle Fusion\nVesicle motors to plasma membrane; lipid bilayers merge and protein is secreted outside.",
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"text_description": "Pro Tip:\nRemember the flow: RER → Golgi → vesicle; any altered tag diverts proteins to lysosomes or back to ER.",
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{
"slide": 10,
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"text_description": "Key Takeaways\nThank You!\nWe hope you found this lesson informative and engaging.",
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{
"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "All living organisms are built from cells.",
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"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "Cell structure dictates function—prokaryotes stay simple; eukaryotes compartmentalise tasks.",
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{
"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "Surface-area : volume ratio limits how large a cell can grow.",
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{
"fragment_index": 4,
"text_description": "Fluid-mosaic membranes enable selective, regulated exchange with the environment.",
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{
"fragment_index": 5,
"text_description": "The endomembrane system routes proteins and lipids with precision.",
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{
"fragment_index": 6,
"text_description": "Nucleus stores DNA, mitochondria make ATP, and ribosomes build proteins.",
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