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{
"slide": 1,
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"text_description": "Meet Carbon\nCarbon (C)\nCarbon is a non-metal element, symbol C, atomic number 6. Its four outer electrons give it valency 4. It is abundant in rocks, fuels and all living things.\nQuestion: Why can’t carbon simply lose or gain four electrons?\nAnswer: Removing or adding four electrons needs huge energy; sharing electrons in covalent bonds is easier.",
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"slide": 2,
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"text_description": "Sharing Electrons\nUnderstanding Covalent Bonds\nWhat is a Covalent Bond?",
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"text_description": "A covalent bond forms when two atoms share a pair of electrons.",
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"text_description": "In H₂, each hydrogen supplies one electron; sharing lets both feel a complete set of two, locking them together.",
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"text_description": "Key Points:\nCovalent = shared electron pair.\nSharing fills hydrogen outer shell (2 e⁻).",
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{
"slide": 3,
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"text_description": "Single vs Double Bonds\nO₂ molecule showing a double covalent bond\nBond order and strength\nKey Points:",
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"text_description": "A single bond shares one electron pair between atoms.",
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{
"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "Adding more shared pairs forms double and triple bonds, which pull atoms closer and increase bond strength.",
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"text_description": "Single bond (C–H): longest & weakest.",
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{
"fragment_index": 4,
"text_description": "Double bond (C=C): medium length, stronger.",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 5,
"text_description": "Triple bond (C≡C): shortest & strongest.",
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{
"fragment_index": 6,
"text_description": "More shared pairs = higher bond energy; differentiate bonds by one, two, or three lines.",
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"slide": 4,
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"text_description": "Methane Example\nElectron-dot diagram of methane\nElectron-Dot Structure of CH₄\nCarbon is tetravalent; its four valence electrons seek four more to complete an octet.\nIn methane, carbon shares one electron with each hydrogen, making four C–H single bonds and giving every atom a full outer shell.\nKey Points:",
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"text_description": "4 shared pairs = 4 covalent C–H bonds.",
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{
"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "Carbon achieves octet; each hydrogen attains a duplet.",
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"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "Dot diagram places C at centre with H atoms around it.",
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{
"slide": 5,
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"text_description": "Diamond—A Carbon Gem\n3-D covalent lattice of diamond\nAllotrope & 3-D Network\nAllotrope = same element, different atomic arrangement and properties.\nDiamond is an allotrope where each carbon bonds to four others in a giant 3-D network.\nKey Points:",
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"text_description": "Strong C–C bonds in all directions make diamond Earth's hardest natural material.",
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"text_description": "No free electrons, so diamond does not conduct heat or electricity.",
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{
"slide": 6,
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"text_description": "Diamond vs Graphite\nDiamond\nGraphite\nKey Similarities",
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"text_description": "Extremely hard; ranks 10 on Mohs scale.",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "Four covalent bonds form a rigid 3-D network.",
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{
"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "No free electrons, so it does not conduct electricity.",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 4,
"text_description": "Soft and slippery; layers slide easily.",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 5,
"text_description": "Three bonds per carbon create hexagonal layers.",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 6,
"text_description": "Delocalised electrons allow good electrical conductivity.",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 7,
"text_description": "Both are pure carbon allotropes.",
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"fragment_index": 8,
"text_description": "Both have very high melting points from strong C–C bonds.",
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{
"slide": 7,
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"text_description": "Saturated Hydrocarbon — Ethane (C₂H₆)\nEthane structure with single C–C bond\nHow to identify a saturated compound\nKey Points:",
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"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "Ethane has two carbon atoms joined by a single bond.",
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"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "Each carbon is fully bonded to hydrogens, so no extra atom can attach.",
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"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "Saturated = only single bonds (C–C, C–H).",
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"fragment_index": 4,
"text_description": "Molecular formula: C₂H₆.",
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{
"fragment_index": 5,
"text_description": "Breaking a bond is required to add another atom.",
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{
"slide": 8,
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"text_description": "Unsaturated Hydrocarbon: Ethene (C₂H₄)\nStructural formula of ethene showing the C=C double bond\nSpot the C=C double bond\nEthene’s structure: two carbon atoms linked by a double bond, each carbon bearing two hydrogens.\nThe C=C bond makes the molecule unsaturated and highly reactive; atoms can add across it to form polyethene plastic.\nKey Points:",
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"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "C=C double bond = unsaturation",
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"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "Double bond shows two parallel lines in the diagram",
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"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "Reactivity enables addition reactions, e.g., making plastic",
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{
"slide": 9,
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"text_description": "Isomers of Butane\nSkeletons of n-butane and iso-butane\nSame Formula, Two Structures\nIsomerism means one molecular formula can give different structural arrangements.\nFor butane \\(C_4H_{10}\\), the carbon backbone can be straight or branched, producing two isomers.\nKey Points:",
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"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "Both share formula \\(C_4H_{10}\\).",
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"text_description": "n-Butane: straight-chain of four carbons.",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "iso-Butane: branched chain with one carbon side group.",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 4,
"text_description": "Different structures give slightly different boiling points.",
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{
"slide": 10,
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"text_description": "Quick Check\nQuestion\nHow many covalent bonds can a single carbon atom form in its stable state?\n1\n2\n2\n3\n3\n4\n4\n6\nHint:\nConsider the number of valence electrons carbon possesses.\nSubmit Answer\nCorrect!\nCarbon has 4 valence electrons, so it shares 4 electrons to complete its octet.\nIncorrect\nRemember: carbon needs 4 more electrons to fill its outer shell, so it forms 4 bonds.\nconst correctOption = 2;\n const answerCards = document.querySelectorAll('.answer-card');\n const submitBtn = document.getElementById('submitBtn');\n const feedbackCorrect = document.getElementById('feedbackCorrect');\n const feedbackIncorrect = document.getElementById('feedbackIncorrect');\n\n let selectedOption = null;\n\n answerCards.forEach((card, index) => {\n card.addEventListener('click', () => {\n answerCards.forEach(c => c.classList.remove('border-blue-500', 'bg-blue-50'));\n card.classList.add('border-blue-500', 'bg-blue-50');\n selectedOption = index;\n });\n });\n\n submitBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {\n if (selectedOption === null) return;\n\n if (selectedOption === correctOption) {\n feedbackCorrect.classList.remove('hidden');\n feedbackIncorrect.classList.add('hidden');\n } else {\n feedbackIncorrect.classList.remove('hidden');\n feedbackCorrect.classList.add('hidden');\n }\n });",
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"slide": 11,
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"text_description": "Key Takeaways\nThank You!\nWe hope you can now recap the essentials of carbon chemistry.",
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"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "Carbon gains stability by sharing electrons in covalent bonds.",
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"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "Single, double, and triple bonds share one, two, and three electron pairs.",
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"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "Diamond is hard and insulating, while graphite is soft and conducts electricity.",
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"fragment_index": 4,
"text_description": "Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds; unsaturated ones have double or triple bonds.",
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"text_description": "Isomerism lets molecules share a formula but differ in structure and properties.",
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