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"slide": 1,
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"text_description": "What is a Covalent Bond?\nCovalent Bond\nA covalent bond forms when two atoms share one or more electron pairs, so each attains a stable electronic configuration.",
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{
"slide": 2,
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"text_description": "Why Does Carbon Form Covalent Bonds?\nElectron-dot structure of a carbon atom\nValence Electrons & Octet Drive\nElectronic configuration: \\(1s^2\\,2s^2\\,2p^2\\); carbon holds 4 valence electrons.\nOctet rule states atoms seek 8 electrons in their outermost shell for stability.\nLosing or gaining 4 electrons is energy-intensive, so carbon shares electrons, forming covalent bonds to complete its octet.\nKey Points:\n4 valence electrons → half-filled outer shell\nOctet rule drives atoms toward 8 valence electrons\nSharing electrons is the most energy-efficient path for carbon",
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"slide": 3,
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"text_description": "Formation of Methane (CH₄)",
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"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "1\nCarbon wants an octet\nCarbon has four valence electrons and needs four more to reach eight.",
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"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "2\nHydrogen needs a duet\nEach hydrogen atom has one electron and seeks one more to fill its shell.",
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"text_description": "3\nElectron sharing\nCarbon shares one electron with each hydrogen, forming four single covalent \\( \\text{C–H} \\) bonds.",
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"fragment_index": 4,
"text_description": "4\nMethane structure\nThe tetrahedral molecule \\( \\text{CH}_{4} \\) forms; carbon attains an octet and each hydrogen a duet.",
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{
"fragment_index": 5,
"text_description": "Pro Tip:\nA single covalent bond always represents one shared pair of electrons between two atoms.",
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{
"slide": 4,
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"text_description": "Double Bonds: Ethene (C₂H₄)\nDouble Covalent Bond in Ethene\nEthene (\\(C_2H_4\\)) is the simplest alkene.\nTwo carbons share two electron pairs, forming a double bond; each carbon also shares one pair with two hydrogens, completing the octet.\nKey Points:\nDouble bond = 2 shared electron pairs between carbons.\nEach carbon forms three σ bonds: 1 C = C and 2 C–H.\nOctet rule satisfied: 8 shared electrons per carbon.\nDouble bonds are the defining feature of alkenes.",
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"slide": 5,
"fragments": [
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"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Single vs Triple Bonds\nMethane (Single Bond)\nEthyne (Triple Bond)\nKey Similarities",
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{
"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "Example: CH\n4",
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{
"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "One shared electron pair forms each C–H σ bond",
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{
"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "Longer and weaker bond length ≈ 109 pm",
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{
"fragment_index": 4,
"text_description": "Example: C\n2\nH\n2",
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{
"fragment_index": 5,
"text_description": "Three shared pairs: one σ + two π bonds",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 6,
"text_description": "Shortest and strongest C–C bond ≈ 120 pm",
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{
"fragment_index": 7,
"text_description": "Both are covalent; electrons are shared, not transferred",
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{
"fragment_index": 8,
"text_description": "Carbon atoms complete the octet in each molecule",
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{
"fragment_index": 9,
"text_description": "Form stable hydrocarbons important in organic chemistry",
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]
},
{
"slide": 6,
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"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Properties of Covalent Compounds",
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"text_description": "Low Melting / Boiling\nWeak intermolecular forces make most covalent solids or liquids melt and vaporise at relatively low temperatures.",
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"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "Poor Conductivity\nAbsence of free ions or electrons means covalent compounds do not conduct electricity or heat.",
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"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "Solubility Pattern\nThey are generally insoluble in water but dissolve readily in non-polar organic solvents.",
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},
{
"slide": 7,
"fragments": [
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"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Multiple Choice Question\nQuestion\nCarbon mainly forms covalent bonds because it:\n1\nreadily loses four valence electrons.\n2\nshares four electrons to achieve an octet.\n3\ngains four electrons from metals.\n4\nalready has a complete outer shell.\nHint:\nThink about how atoms satisfy the octet rule through electron sharing.\nSubmit Answer\nCorrect!\nCarbon achieves a stable octet by sharing its four valence electrons.\nIncorrect\nReview: covalent bonding involves sharing electrons; carbon shares four to complete its octet.\nconst correctOption = 1;\n const answerCards = document.querySelectorAll('.answer-card');\n const submitBtn = document.getElementById('submitBtn');\n const feedbackCorrect = document.getElementById('feedbackCorrect');\n const feedbackIncorrect = document.getElementById('feedbackIncorrect');\n \n let selectedOption = null;\n \n answerCards.forEach((card, index) => {\n card.addEventListener('click', () => {\n answerCards.forEach(c => c.classList.remove('border-blue-500', 'bg-blue-50'));\n card.classList.add('border-blue-500', 'bg-blue-50');\n selectedOption = index;\n });\n });\n \n submitBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {\n if (selectedOption === null) return;\n \n if (selectedOption === correctOption) {\n feedbackCorrect.classList.remove('hidden');\n feedbackIncorrect.classList.add('hidden');\n } else {\n feedbackIncorrect.classList.remove('hidden');\n feedbackCorrect.classList.add('hidden');\n }\n });",
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"slide": 8,
"fragments": [
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"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Key Takeaways\nThank You!\nWe hope you found this lesson informative and engaging.",
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{
"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "Lesson recap: covalent bonds form when atoms share electron pairs.",
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{
"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "Carbon shares four valence electrons to complete its octet instead of losing or gaining them.",
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"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "Single, double, and triple carbon bonds share one, two, or three pairs—bond strength rises as length falls.",
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"fragment_index": 4,
"text_description": "Covalent compounds usually have low melting points, are poor conductors, and often exist as gases or liquids.",
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