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[
{
"slide": 1,
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"text_description": "Definition: Covalent Bond\nCovalent Bond\nA covalent bond forms when two atoms share electron pairs, allowing each to reach a stable outer shell.",
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"slide": 2,
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"text_description": "Carbon's Valency: 4\nValency of Carbon\nCarbon possesses 4 valence electrons. To satisfy the octet rule it must obtain 4 more, so it shares, rather than gains or loses, electrons—forming four covalent bonds.\nKey Characteristics:\nExample:\nIn methane (CH₄) carbon shares one electron with each hydrogen, achieving an octet.",
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"text_description": "4 valence electrons (2s² 2p²).",
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{
"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "Needs 4 more to complete its octet (8 electrons).",
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"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "Sharing electrons is energetically favoured over gaining or losing 4.",
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"slide": 3,
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"text_description": "Methane: A Simple Covalent Molecule\nLewis structure of methane (CH₄)\nElectron Sharing in CH₄\nCarbon shares one electron with each hydrogen, creating four C–H single covalent bonds.\nThese shared pairs complete carbon’s octet and each hydrogen’s duet.\nKey Points:\nLewis structure: central C surrounded by four H; each bond shown by a pair of dots or a dash.\nEach C–H bond is a single covalent bond formed by one shared electron pair.\nStructure satisfies the octet rule for carbon and the duet rule for hydrogen.",
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"slide": 4,
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"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Step-by-Step: Forming Methane\nPro Tip:\nSequential sharing of electrons is why covalent bonds form and why methane is tetrahedral.",
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{
"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "1\nList Electron Configurations\nWrite carbon \\(2,4\\) and hydrogen \\(1\\), showing four unpaired electrons on carbon.",
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{
"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "2\nMatch Unpaired Electrons\nPair each carbon electron with one electron from a hydrogen—this is the electron pairing process.",
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{
"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "3\nDraw C–H Single Bonds\nShow four shared pairs as four C–H covalent bonds—completing the bond formation sequence.",
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"fragment_index": 4,
"text_description": "4\nConfirm Stability\nCarbon now has an octet, each hydrogen a duet; methane \\( \\mathrm{CH_4} \\) is stably formed.",
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{
"slide": 5,
"fragments": [
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"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Covalent vs. Ionic Bonds",
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{
"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "Covalent Bond\nElectrons are shared between atoms.\nNo ions; discrete molecules form.\nExample: methane \\(CH_4\\).",
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{
"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "Ionic Bond\nElectrons are completely transferred.\nOpposite ions attract in a crystal lattice.\nExample: sodium chloride \\(NaCl\\).",
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{
"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "Key Similarities\nBoth use valence electrons to reach noble-gas stability.\nBoth create stable chemical compounds.",
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{
"slide": 6,
"fragments": [
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"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Electron Dot Equation for Methane\n\\[\\text{C}^{\\bullet\\bullet} + 4\\,\\text{H}^{\\bullet} \\;\\longrightarrow\\; \\text{H{:}C{:}H}\\]\nVariable Definitions\nApplications\nSource: NCERT Grade 10",
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{
"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "C\nCarbon atom\nDot-and-Cross Representation\nShows four shared electron pairs, meeting the octet rule for carbon.",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "H\nHydrogen atom\nStoichiometric Equation\nBalanced form — C + 2H\n2\n→ CH\n4\n— tracks atoms in the dot diagram.",
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{
"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "•\nNon-bonding electron",
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{
"fragment_index": 4,
"text_description": ":\nShared electron pair (covalent bond)",
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{
"slide": 7,
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"text_description": "Multiple Choice Question\nQuestion\nIdentify the compound that is primarily covalent.\nCorrect!\nCH\n4\nis formed by sharing electrons between carbon and hydrogen atoms, making it covalent.\nIncorrect\nRevisit ionic versus covalent bonding—look for shared electrons between non-metals.\nconst correctOption = 2;\n const answerCards = document.querySelectorAll('#slide-08-c3f8d1-answers .answer-card');\n const submitBtn = document.getElementById('slide-08-c3f8d1-submitBtn');\n const feedbackCorrect = document.getElementById('slide-08-c3f8d1-feedbackCorrect');\n const feedbackIncorrect = document.getElementById('slide-08-c3f8d1-feedbackIncorrect');\n \n let selectedOption = null;\n \n answerCards.forEach((card, index) => {\n card.addEventListener('click', () => {\n answerCards.forEach(c => c.classList.remove('border-blue-500', 'bg-blue-50'));\n card.classList.add('border-blue-500', 'bg-blue-50');\n selectedOption = index;\n });\n });\n \n submitBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {\n if (selectedOption === null) return;\n \n if (selectedOption === correctOption) {\n feedbackCorrect.classList.remove('hidden');\n feedbackIncorrect.classList.add('hidden');\n } else {\n feedbackIncorrect.classList.remove('hidden');\n feedbackCorrect.classList.add('hidden');\n }\n });",
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"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "1\nNaCl",
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{
"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "2\nCaO",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "3\nCH\n4",
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{
"fragment_index": 4,
"text_description": "4\nMgCl\n2",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 5,
"text_description": "Hint:\nCovalent bonds usually form between non-metal atoms.",
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{
"fragment_index": 6,
"text_description": "Submit Answer",
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},
{
"slide": 8,
"fragments": [
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"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Key Takeaways\nIMAGE_SEARCH: 'simple infographic covalent bonding summary for education'\nThank You!\nWe hope you found this lesson informative and engaging.",
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{
"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "Covalent bond: two atoms share electrons to achieve full outer shells.",
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{
"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "Carbon owns four valence electrons; therefore, its valency is four.",
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{
"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "Methane \\(CH_4\\): carbon shares one electron with each hydrogen, creating four covalent C–H bonds.",
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}
]