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"slide": 1,
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"text_description": "Meet Carbon\nModel of a carbon atom\nWhy does carbon build countless compounds?\nIn the periodic table, carbon is in Group 14, Period 2.\nWith four valence electrons, it is tetravalent and forms four strong covalent bonds.\nStrong C–C bonds allow extensive self-linking, called catenation, creating chains, rings and networks.\nQuick check: How many covalent bonds can a single carbon atom form?\nKey Points:",
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"text_description": "Position: Group 14, Period 2.",
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"text_description": "Tetravalency → 4 covalent bonds.",
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"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "Catenation forms long chains and rings.",
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"fragment_index": 4,
"text_description": "These traits explain carbon’s vast number of compounds.",
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"slide": 2,
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"text_description": "Covalent Bonding\nElectron sharing in a hydrogen molecule (H₂)\nH₂: A Model Covalent Bond\nAtoms that cannot easily lose or gain electrons become stable by sharing them.\nIn H₂, each hydrogen shares one electron; the pair forms a covalent bond and completes the 2-electron duplet for both atoms.\nKey Points:\nElectron sharing binds the two atoms.\nEach H achieves a stable duplet (2 electrons).\nA covalent bond is a shared pair of electrons.",
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"slide": 3,
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"text_description": "Single vs Double\n…and Triple Bonds\nCounting Bond Pairs\nAtoms share electrons as discrete bond pairs.\nThe number of shared pairs decides the bond order.\nMore pairs make bonds shorter and stronger.\nKey Points:",
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"text_description": "Single bond: 1 pair; longest, weakest. Example \\( \\text{H}_2 \\).",
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"text_description": "Double bond: 2 pairs; shorter, stronger. Example \\( \\text{O}_2 \\).",
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"text_description": "Triple bond: 3 pairs; shortest, strongest. Example \\( \\text{N}_2 \\).",
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"slide": 4,
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"text_description": "Example: Methane\nElectron-dot diagram of methane (CH₄)\nHow the dots add up\nCarbon shares its four valence electrons with four hydrogens in a tetrahedral sharing pattern.\nThe molecule is a saturated hydrocarbon; each C–H bond is single and every atom reaches stability.\nKey Points:",
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"text_description": "Place C in the centre; set 4 H at the corners of a tetrahedron.",
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"text_description": "Draw one shared electron pair between C and each H.",
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"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "Check: C now has 8 electrons, every H has 2.",
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"slide": 5,
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"text_description": "Carbon Allotropes\nDiamond\nEach carbon makes 4 covalent bonds in a 3-D tetrahedral lattice.\nHardest natural material; very high melting point; does not conduct electricity.\nUsed in cutting, drilling and sparkling jewellery.\nGraphite\nEach carbon bonds to 3 others forming flat hexagonal layers.\nLayers held by weak forces, so they slide; soft and slippery.\nDelocalised electrons make graphite a good electrical conductor.\nUsed in pencils, dry lubricants and electrodes.\nKey Similarities\nPure carbon allotropes—no other elements present.\nStrong C–C bonds give high melting points and chemical stability.\nFullerene (C\n60\n) forms closed cages; used in nano-electronics and drug delivery.",
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"slide": 6,
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"text_description": "Saturated vs Unsaturated\nEthene (C₂H₄) shows a carbon–carbon double bond.\nHow to spot saturation\nAlkanes are saturated: each carbon forms four single bonds.\nAlkenes contain at least one C=C double bond, making them unsaturated and more reactive.\nKey Points:",
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"text_description": "Single bonds only → saturated alkane.",
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"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "A C=C or C≡C means the molecule is unsaturated.",
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"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "Spot the double bond in ethene to classify it as an alkene.",
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"slide": 7,
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"text_description": "Isomer Magic\nStraight-chain (n-butane) vs branched (iso-butane)\nStructural Isomers of Butane\nButane \\( \\mathrm{C_4H_{10}} \\) exists as two structural isomers.\nn-butane forms a straight carbon chain, while iso-butane branches at the central carbon.\nSame formula, new layout—this change alters boiling point and other properties.\nKey Points:\nSame molecular formula: \\( \\mathrm{C_4H_{10}} \\)\nDifferent layout: chain vs branched\nLeads to different physical properties",
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"slide": 8,
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"text_description": "Multiple Choice Question\nQuestion\nApplied recall: Identify the unsaturated hydrocarbon.\n1\nC₂H₆\n2\nC₂H₄\n3\nCH₄\n4\nC₃H₈\nHint:\nUnsaturated molecules show at least one C=C or C≡C bond.\nSubmit Answer\nCorrect!\nYes—C₂H₄ contains a C=C double bond, making it unsaturated.\nIncorrect\nRemember, only compounds with double or triple carbon bonds are unsaturated.\nconst correctOption = 1;\n const answerCards = document.querySelectorAll('.answer-card');\n const submitBtn = document.getElementById('slide-09-a3f9k2-submit');\n const feedbackCorrect = document.getElementById('slide-09-a3f9k2-feedback-correct');\n const feedbackIncorrect = document.getElementById('slide-09-a3f9k2-feedback-incorrect');\n \n let selectedOption = null;\n \n answerCards.forEach((card, index) => {\n card.addEventListener('click', () => {\n answerCards.forEach(c => c.classList.remove('border-blue-500', 'bg-blue-50'));\n card.classList.add('border-blue-500', 'bg-blue-50');\n selectedOption = index;\n });\n });\n \n submitBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {\n if (selectedOption === null) return;\n \n if (selectedOption === correctOption) {\n feedbackCorrect.classList.remove('hidden');\n feedbackIncorrect.classList.add('hidden');\n } else {\n feedbackIncorrect.classList.remove('hidden');\n feedbackCorrect.classList.add('hidden');\n }\n });",
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"slide": 9,
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"text_description": "Key Takeaways\nSummary & Next Steps",
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"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "Tetravalency\nCarbon forms four covalent bonds, creating countless stable molecules.",
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"text_description": "Catenation\nCarbon chains, rings and networks multiply structural variety.",
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"text_description": "Saturation & Isomerism\nSingle or multiple bonds and varied atom order create saturated, unsaturated and isomeric compounds.",
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"text_description": "Allotropes\nDiamond, graphite and others show carbon’s wide property range.",
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"text_description": "Next Steps\nPractise IUPAC naming and draw structural formulas to reinforce these key ideas.",
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