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[
{
"slide": 1,
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"text_description": "Atoms Seen!",
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"text_description": "STM image of a silicon surface; each bright dot is a single atom.",
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"text_description": "Modern evidence of atoms\nScanning-tunnelling microscopy (STM) resolves individual silicon atoms as bright dots.\nSeeing atoms turns a once-theoretical idea into observable fact.",
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"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "Key Points:\nQuiz: Estimate how many atoms could fit across a human hair.",
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]
},
{
"slide": 2,
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"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "What is an Atom?",
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"text_description": "Atom",
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"text_description": "Smallest particle of an element that keeps the element’s chemical identity in every reaction.\nRoughly 10 million atoms lined up equal the width of a human hair.",
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]
},
{
"slide": 3,
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"text_description": "John Dalton\nFather of atomic theory\nEarly-19th-century chemists needed a model to explain why elements combine in fixed mass ratios.\nIn 1808, English scientist John Dalton proposed that each element is made of tiny, indivisible atoms unique to it, laying the foundation for modern atomic theory.",
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{
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"text_description": "Portrait of John Dalton (1766–1844)",
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"text_description": "Key Points:\nExplained the Law of Constant Proportions using atoms.\nIntroduced the Law of Multiple Proportions, linking mass data to atomic ratios.\nFirst coherent scientific atomic theory—central to modern chemistry.",
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]
},
{
"slide": 4,
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"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Dalton’s Postulates\nTrack how each idea built chemistry’s foundation. By the end, list and critique all five postulates.",
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"text_description": "1\nAtoms are indivisible spheres\nMatter contains tiny, indestructible atoms. Modern science found protons, neutrons, and electrons—atoms are divisible.",
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"text_description": "2\nAtoms of an element are identical\nDalton assumed equal mass and properties. Isotopes show atoms of one element can differ in mass.",
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"text_description": "3\nDifferent elements have different atoms\nDistinct atomic masses explain unique element properties. This principle still guides the periodic table.",
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"text_description": "4\nCompounds form in whole-number ratios\nAtoms combine in simple ratios like 2 H : 1 O. Law of definite proportions confirms this statement.",
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"text_description": "5\nReactions rearrange atoms, not create them\nMass is conserved during chemical change. Nuclear reactions later revealed exceptions under extreme energy.",
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{
"fragment_index": 6,
"text_description": "Pro Tip:\nAs you reorder the jumbled list, ask: does modern evidence confirm or revise each claim?",
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]
},
{
"slide": 5,
"fragments": [
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"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Early Symbols\nFrom Sketches to Letters\nDalton used patterned circles to depict the symbolism of elements.\nInterpret each pattern by pairing it with today’s one- or two-letter symbol.",
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{
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"text_description": "Dalton’s 1808 table of elemental symbols — hover to see modern letters.",
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"text_description": "Key Points:\nCreative visuals made elements recognisable in small lists.\nSystem became cumbersome when reactions involved many symbols.\nModern letters (H, O, Na…) are faster, universal, and easy to type.",
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}
]
},
{
"slide": 6,
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"text_description": "Relative Mass Idea",
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{
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"text_description": "Dalton's balance-scale analogy",
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"text_description": "Why compare, not weigh?\nAtoms are far too light to place on a real balance. Instead, scientists compare one atom's mass with another, just as we compare equal fruit slices.\nThis comparison gives a relative atomic mass, expressed in atomic mass units (u), making calculations quick and meaningful.",
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"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "Key Points:\n1 u is defined as one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom.\nRelative masses let us rank atoms without knowing their tiny absolute masses.\nDalton's fruit-slice analogy links laboratory weighing to everyday experience.",
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}
]
},
{
"slide": 7,
"fragments": [
{
"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Mass Balance Lab\n// Chart.js configuration placeholder\n const ctx = document.getElementById('dataChart').getContext('2d');",
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{
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"text_description": "Key Insights\nLaw of conservation of mass: total mass in a sealed flask never changes.\nMove sliders to set volumes; note the initial digital mass.\nPress “Mix Solutions”; mass stays constant while a precipitate forms.",
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{
"fragment_index": 3,
"text_description": "Legend\nInitial Mass\nMass After Mixing",
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},
{
"slide": 8,
"fragments": [
{
"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Key Takeaways\nAtoms to Mass",
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"text_description": "Atoms Exist\nExperiments prove atoms are real, tiny particles of matter.",
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"text_description": "Mass Never Disappears\nTotal mass stays constant in every reaction—Law of Conservation of Mass.",
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"text_description": "Fixed Ratios\nElements join in constant, whole-number mass ratios—Law of Definite Proportions.",
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"text_description": "Dalton's Legacy\nDalton unified these laws into atomic theory, guiding modern chemical formulae.",
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]
}
]