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[
{
"slide": 1,
"fragments": [
{
"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Atoms and Molecules\nFrom invisible specks to the stuff of stars.",
"image_description": ""
}
]
},
{
"slide": 2,
"fragments": [
{
"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Law of Conservation of Mass\nDiagram: diagram showing sealed conical flask with suspended ignition tube being tilted, illustrating conservation of mass experiment",
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{
"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "During any chemical reaction,\ntotal mass of reactants equals total mass of products.",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "Mixing\nbarium chloride\nand\nsodium sulphate\nsolutions in a corked flask shows no change in total mass before and after the reaction, confirming\nmass conservation\n.",
"image_description": ""
}
]
},
{
"slide": 3,
"fragments": [
{
"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Law of Constant Proportions",
"image_description": ""
},
{
"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "A compound is always composed of the same elements combined in a\nconstant mass ratio\n.",
"image_description": ""
},
{
"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "Examples\nWater: 1 g H with 8 g O\nAmmonia: 14 g N with 3 g H",
"image_description": ""
}
]
},
{
"slide": 4,
"fragments": [
{
"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Dalton’s Atomic Theory\nDiagram: portrait of John Dalton with simple atomic symbols and whole number ratio sketches",
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"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "Matter consists of tiny, discrete\natoms\n.\nAtoms\ncannot be created, divided or destroyed in chemical changes.\nAll\natoms\nof one\nelement\nshare identical mass and properties.\nAtoms\nof different\nelements\ndiffer in mass and properties.\nAtoms\nunite in small whole-number ratios to form\ncompounds\n.\nEach\ncompound\ncontains a fixed set and number of its constituent\natoms\n.",
"image_description": ""
}
]
},
{
"slide": 5,
"fragments": [
{
"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "How Small is an Atom?\nDiagram: atomic force microscope image of silicon surface revealing individual atoms",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "Stack millions of hydrogen atoms and you get a layer thinner than paper; their radii are measured in\nnanometres\n(1 nm = 1×10⁻⁹ m).",
"image_description": ""
},
{
"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "Scale Comparison\nHydrogen atom\n≈ 0.1 nm\nWater molecule (H₂O)\n≈ 0.3 nm\nHaemoglobin protein\n≈ 6 nm",
"image_description": ""
}
]
},
{
"slide": 6,
"fragments": [
{
"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Modern Symbols of Elements",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "Each element is given a\nunique symbol\n: write the\nfirst letter\nin\nuppercase\nand the second, if any, in\nlowercase\n—for example\nH\n,\nAl\n,\nCl\n.",
"image_description": ""
},
{
"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "Fe\n–\nFerrum\n(iron)\nNa\n–\nNatrium\n(sodium)\nK\n–\nKalium\n(potassium)",
"image_description": ""
}
]
},
{
"slide": 7,
"fragments": [
{
"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Atomic Mass & the amu (u)\nDiagram: watermelon cut into 12 slices, single slice on balance scale comparing masses of different fruits",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "One atomic mass unit (u)\nequals\none-twelfth\nof a\ncarbon-12\natom’s mass; therefore, hydrogen ≈\n1 u\n, oxygen ≈\n16 u\n.",
"image_description": ""
},
{
"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "Imagine using\none watermelon slice\nas a standard weight—this mirrors how\n1 u\nlets us weigh other atoms\nrelatively\n.",
"image_description": ""
}
]
},
{
"slide": 8,
"fragments": [
{
"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Molecules: Elements & Compounds",
"image_description": ""
},
{
"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "Molecule\n: group of bonded atoms acting as one unit.\nElement molecules\ncontain\nidentical atoms\n– monoatomic He, diatomic\nO₂\n, triatomic\nO₃\n, octa-atomic\nS₈\n.\nCompound molecules\ncontain\ndifferent atoms in a fixed ratio\n–\nH₂O\n(2 H:1 O),\nCO₂\n(1 C:2 O).\nAtomicity\n= total atoms in a molecule; helps classify and write correct chemical formulae.",
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}
]
},
{
"slide": 9,
"fragments": [
{
"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Ions: Cations and Anions",
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},
{
"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "Ions are atoms or bonded atom groups carrying a net charge; positive ones are\ncations\n(Na⁺) and negative ones are\nanions\n(Cl⁻).",
"image_description": ""
},
{
"fragment_index": 2,
"text_description": "Polyatomic ions:\nAmmonium\n, NH₄⁺\nCarbonate\n, CO₃²⁻\nSulphate\n, SO₄²⁻",
"image_description": ""
}
]
},
{
"slide": 10,
"fragments": [
{
"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Valency & Writing Chemical Formulae\nDiagram: diagram showing criss-cross of Mg2+ and Cl− ions forming MgCl2",
"image_description": "https://sparkl-vector-images.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/img/lp/study_content/editlive_lp/146/2013_02_11_12_08_31/LP_C.2.3.4_Pankaj_Kanika_Lang.edited_html_m2ebd0d6a_3478003616221978090.png"
},
{
"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "Criss-Cross Steps\nWrite element or ion symbols with their\nvalencies\n.\nCriss-cross\nvalencies to become subscripts.\nSimplify subscripts to the\nlowest whole numbers\n.\nEnclose a\npolyatomic ion\nin brackets if more than one is present.",
"image_description": ""
}
]
},
{
"slide": 11,
"fragments": [
{
"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Build the Formula!",
"image_description": ""
},
{
"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "Instructions\nReview the compound name and recall its ions.\nDrag the right count of\nCa²⁺\nand\nNO₃⁻\ninto the\nCalcium nitrate\nbox until charges cancel.\nDrag\nAl³⁺\nand\nO²⁻\ninto the\nAluminium oxide\nbox until neutral.\nPress\n“Check”\nfor instant feedback, adjust if needed.",
"image_description": ""
}
]
},
{
"slide": 12,
"fragments": [
{
"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Molecular & Formula Unit Mass",
"image_description": ""
},
{
"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "Molecular mass\nis the sum of atomic masses in a molecule; in ionic solids we quote\nformula-unit mass\n(e.g.,\nH₂O = 18 u\n,\nNaCl = 58.5 u\n).",
"image_description": ""
}
]
},
{
"slide": 13,
"fragments": [
{
"fragment_index": -1,
"text_description": "Key Takeaways\nDiagram: minimalist icon set showing atom model, balance scale, and chemical formula",
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{
"fragment_index": 1,
"text_description": "Mass\nremains constant; elements combine in\nfixed ratios\n.\nAtoms\nare indivisible basics;\nmolecules/ions\nbuild matter.\nSymbols\nand\nvalency\nguide accurate chemical formula writing.\nAtomic and molecular masses\nlet us measure and predict reactions.",
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}
]
}
]